The Meaning of Life and Death Essay - 3649 Words

The Meaning of Life and Death The abstract idea of life cannot be explained by such simple ideas as being animated, breathing, or speaking. Ordinary machines in this century can perform all of these basic functions. The quandary with defining death is not as abstract and elusive as that of life. The problem of defining life and death has plagued philosophers and the religious bodies for thousands of years for one reason; each philosophy or religion has tried to define the meaning of life and death from only their certain perspective. The seemingly appropriate approach to this problem would be to understand the ideas presented in various philosophies and religions and through this knowledge create a new definition for each idea of life†¦show more content†¦The living have not yet been annihilated (otherwise they wouldnt be alive)† (Cook). Also, according to modern philosopher Steven Luper in an interpretation of Epicurus, death is also â€Å"permanent non-existence†, which is brought upon by some act of biological â€Å"retirement†. This applies to both humans and replicants. Hereinafter, the deaths of humans and replicants should be considered one and the same. The emphasis on death in Blade Runner can be attributed to many different reasons. One of these reasons includes the search for a solution to its inevitable arrival. The prime objective of the replicants in Blade Runner is to discover when they were created. To a human, this is common knowledge, but the replicants are not given this information freely. Although, in contrast to the human knowledge of when they were incepted or born, the replicants know the ultimate length of their life. After Roy finally meets Tyrell, he is asked, â€Å"What seems to be the problem?† Roy answers, predictably, â€Å"death.† Why is death such a problem to the replicants? The replicants do not actually have a problem with death; they have a problem with the brevity of their life. This is why the replicants hope that their creator, the person that gave them the time limit on their life, can extend it. This is similar to the hope held by most humans of a life after death, but beca use the replicants know that there is no such life for them after death,Show MoreRelatedTheme Of The Illustrated Man1694 Words   |  7 Pagesthemes of the novel. Recurring ideas of censorship, technology, justice, and largely death, exist in events and fears of the day. Leading all themes to tie into an allegorical warning Bradbury directs to an audience of American youth, fearful of nuclear war with the Soviet Union, artist in Hollywood during the age of McCarthyism, or anyone fearful of a relevant issue, such as, the possibilities of death without meaning or downfalls of new technology. 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Through his depiction of events that most others would consider significant, Camus portrays human life and humanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Stranger1 By Albert Camus Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst-person account of the life of M. Meursault from the time of his mother s death up to a time evidently just before his execution for the murder of an Arab. The central theme is that the significance of human life is understood only in light of mortality, or the fact of death; and in showing Meursault s consciousness change through the course of events, Camus shows how facing the possibility of death does have an effect on one s perception of life. The novel begins with the death of Meursault s motherRead More Can Religion Help the Healing Process of Cancer? Essay example1427 Words   |  6 Pagesthe illness. People know that cancer causes pain, suffering and potentially death. Death. A traumatizing circumstance when faced with prematurely. 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Assignment Introduction to Business - 1344 Words

Assignment Content | Chapter 1 | First Question | Chapter 2 | Second Question | Chapter 2.1 | Characteristics of â€Å"Partnership† | Chapter 3 | Third Question | Chapter 3.1 | Characteristics of â€Å"Business Environment† | Chapter 3.2 | Characteristics of â€Å"Porter’s Five Forces† | ADIL ZHAXYLYKOV TP029709 UCFF1207(G2-T2) BM004-4-0 ITB 1. What would be the aims and objectives of the business Luke is planning to implement after graduation? The main aim of the Luke’s business idea is to provide lessons to people especially older people, on how to use the internet and e-mail. He would like to eliminate the â€Å"fear† of going back into the workforce among older people and has decided that he will provide hands on experience of the†¦show more content†¦Disadvantages of â€Å"Partnership†: * Unlimited liability; * Decision making is not easy; * Business continuity is not ensured; * Limited expansion ; * Share of control; * Profit sharing. 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Economics for Business Quality Business Product

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Business of Quality Business Product. Answer: Introduction Product differentiation is a concept used by producers of the market where there are many buyers and sellers and where the producers indulge in producing similar type of product. The producers use different methods to make the goods produced more attractive rather than price. The methods can be in form of advertisement, improving quality, discounts and attractive packaging. It is a method used to distinguish its product to sell the product in the target market. Economic profit can be defined as the profit earned by deducting opportunity cost of the inputs used for production minus the revenue. Product differentiation does not exist in all types of market structure.[1] Firms in perfectly competitive market do not earn economic profit. Hence, an appropriate once off expenditure on product differentiation will not guarantee the firms ability maximize economic profit in any type of market structure. The following part of the assignment discusses how the expenditure on product differentia tion can lead few types of market to maximize the economic profit in long run.[2] Analysis Monopolistic competition is a type of market structure where there are large number of buyers and sellers producing similar type of products. The products acts as substitutes for the consumers where they have large choice for the consumption. It is in the monopolistic type of market structure where the firms make economic profit. The main technique used by monopolistic competitive firms to make economic profit is product differentiation. That is they portray that the product is different from the other producers. The condition is applied in case of imperfect substitutes.[3] Monopolistically competitive firm earns profit in long run along with incurring a deadweight loss. Monopolistically competitive market structure behave like monopolists in short run. This is explained with a help of diagram as shown below. Figure: Monopolistic competition in short run[4] Monopolistic competitive firm faces a downward sloping demand curve as the producers cannot change the price of the product unless there is change in the quantity consumed. Firms face a U shaped average cost curve due to presence of both fixed and average cost. All the firms aims at maximizing profit. The profit maximizing condition for the firm in short run is at a point where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. Product differentiation occurs when there is no available substitutes of a product and this occurs in case of monopoly. The above diagram shows that firms in monopolistically competitive market will produce till a point where MR is equal to MC. The price will be determined from the point at the demand curve. The firm earn positive economic profit in short run that is market in green in the above diagram. Along with earning profit the firm also faces loss that is market in blue in the diagram. Deadweight loss is a triangle measured from consumer and producer surplus. The more the product is differentiated in the market the more steeper is the demand curve. [5] The monopolistically competitive firm earns positive economic profit only in short run. In long run seeing the firms earn positive economic profit, new firms enter the market. The competition of the firms increase which makes it difficult for the firms to produce goods that are differentiated in nature. Hence in long run the firms only earn normal profit due to failure of product differentiation.[6] In case of a perfectly competitive market where there are large number of buyers and sellers, the concept of product differentiation is not applicable. This is so because the producers produce same type of products that acts as substitute for the consumers. Hence firms in perfectly competitive market also earn normal profit and the differentiation is done on the basis of price. Lower the price higher is the sale and ultimately profit.[7] Product differentiation enables the firms to earn positive economic profit only in short run. There are various ways through which products can be differentiated. The most common techniques used by firm is that of advertisement. Advertisement adds on to the cost of production. It is useful in conveying important messages and information to consumers. Oligopoly is a market structure with only few firms that sell similar types of products. The sellers have power of price control over their product. Hence the concept of product differentiation is not applicable in case of oligopoly. It is only applicable in case of monopolistic competition. [8] In case of monopolistic competition market the two main characteristics are that the competitors perceive over non price difference products and the firms have no price control over the product. The expenditures on the product differentiation is not great to eliminate the substitutes of the product. If the cross elasticities of demand of goods is high in the market the product differentiation will not allow the prices to rise. This will lead the average total cost to rise as the cost of advertisement expenditures will rise. The average total cost will exceed the price charged by the firm that will lead the firms incur loss in short run. Hence, it can be seen that product differentiation does not lead to positive economic profit in all the situations or the market condition. Profit maximization condition occurs at a biggest gap of total revenue and total cost. [9] Conclusion From the above discussion it is visible that expenditure on product differentiation to earn economic profit does not guarantee positive income in all the market structures and conditions. Product differentiation is a concept that is used only in Monopolistic competition where there are large number of buyers and sellers producing similar type of products. Also if the cross elasticity of demand is strong then the product differentiation will lead the firms incur loss or normal profit. Positive profit is only incurred in short run where the firms are able to differentiate its products. Product differentiation will lead to earning of positive economic profit in monopolistic competition where the firms act as monopolist. Hence, In any market structure, an appropriate once-off expenditure on product differentiation does not guarantee the firms ability to maximize economic profit into the future. Economics has difficulty in explaining why wage rates for individuals vary across occupations and industries and within occupations and industries. 2. Introduction Wage rate is not uniform for all the occupation and industries. It varies on the skills that the employees posses and the budget that firms have for the production of goods and services. Economics can explain the reason for the differences in the wages as it occurs through the differences in the demand and supply of labor and goods in the market. Theories of minimum wage, wage differentials, compensation are used to explain the reason for the differences in wages for occupations and industries. Differences in the demand and supply of labor in the market leads to variations in the wages of employees in same occupation as well. Since no two jobs has same characteristics this is the major reason for the wages to vary. Economics and statistics can be used to show the and discuss the reason for the variation in wages of labor in the market. The differences occur due to differences in education and desirability of the job[10]. Analysis Minimum wage theory is a theory that explains the minimum amount of the pay that the employer must pay the employees. The main purpose of the minimum wage theory is to support the unskilled workers for their living. The minimum wage is set by the government. The theory of minimum wage has both the advantages and disadvantages. Minimum wage theory helps in increasing employment level but it reduces the pay of the employees that are skilled and trained. The critics says that minimum wage does not have any impact of the level of employment.[11] Figure: Minimum wage theory[12] The wage differential theory states five reasons for the differences in wages that are: Occupational differences Inter firm differentials Regional differences Inter industry differences Personal wage differences[13] Wage differentials is also known as inter firm or inter area differentials. Method of percentile wages is used to measure the differences in the wages of employees in industries and occupation. Wage difference is the difference between the wages of high earners and low earners. It is statistics that explains the reasons for the differences in wager by using the technique of percentile wage while economics is used to explain the reason for the differences in the wages of employees.[14] Reasons for the differences in wages of employees are as follows: Credentials- The main reason for the differences in wages of employees is difference in the educational qualification and the training that the employee has undergone. People with higher degree and qualification get higher wages than the ones with lower wages. Experience and skill- higher the experience higher is the productive capacity of an employee. Workers who have in demand skills earns higher money than the ones who don't. Industry or employer- Occupational wages across industry and employer. The wages differ from one to the other due to differences in the working conditions, training requirement, company name and clientele. Job tasks-The individual tasks of all the employees vary. Employees who are indulged in doing complex tasks get higher wages than the ones who do simpler tasks. Geographic location- Wage highly depends on geographic location as well. Some states and areas have higher wages than the other. Wages depends on the cost of living and geographic factors. Occupational Differences Occupational differences of wages encourages people to take more challenging and complex tasks as skilled people get higher wages than the unskilled people. Human capital that is the skills that is required to enter the job market varies in people that causes the differences to arise in wages. [15] Inter firm differentials Wages also depends on the quality of labor employed, imperfections in the labor market and the differences in the efficiency of equipment and supervision. A firm despite of being in same location and area ,may vary in the amount of wage that it pays to its employees. Managerial efficiency and other facilities also adds on to the differences in the wages.[16] Inter Industry differences Inter industry differences of wages exists in case of same occupation and same area. It also exists in same industries as well. The reasons for these variations are the nature of the product market that it functions in, ability to pay, skill requirement and unionization.[17] Compensating wage differentials Higher wages can also be in form of reward for risk taking jobs and also in form of compensation. Reward for human capital In a competitive labor market it is the wages that compensates the opportunity cost that they have to incur that is in form of education or leisure activity. Labor productivity and revenue creation An employee who has highest efficiency and contributes in generating higher revenue for the company is awarded with higher wages. Trade unions and their collective bargaining power Trade unions are the group of employees with equal demand from employees. Bargaining power is the power that they hold to fight with Their employees over the demand. If the unionization is strong in a particular area then the wages of those employees is higher than the others.[18] Conclusion Hence, the above analysis shows that economics can explain the reason for the differences in wages of employees across occupation and industries. Various economic theories such as minimum wage theory and wage differentials is used to explain then reason for the variation in wages of employees. Wages depends on the skills, type of work, occupation, education and market in which they work. Both statistics and economics can be used to explain the differences in the wages of employees. Minimum wage theory is the upper ceiling set by the government to help the poor. References "Top 5 Causes Of Wage Differentials Explained!",YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library, 2014 https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/hrm/jobs/top-5-causes-of-wage-differentials-explained/35339/ [accessed 2 September 2016] Banerjee, Dyuti S. and Ishita Chatterjee, "Exploring Stackelberg Profit Ordering Under Asymmetric Product Differentiation",Economic Modelling, 36 (2014), 309-315 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.09.056 Chang, Winston W., "MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION AND PRODUCT DIVERSITY: REVIEW AND EXTENSION",Journal of Economic Surveys, 26 (2011), 879-910 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2011.00682.x FINGLETON, BERNARD and MICHELLE CATHERINE BADDELEY, "GLOBALISATION AND WAGE DIFFERENTIALS: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS*",The Manchester School, 79 (2011), 1018-1034 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.2011.02217.x Hajiha, Fatemeh,Employment And Wages By Major Occupational Group And Industry, 1st edn (Fatemeh Hajiha, 2016), pp. 1-4 https://www.bls.gov/oes/major.pdf [accessed 2 September 2016] Harford, Tim,Perfect Competition, Monopoly, And Monopolistic Competition, 1st edn (Tim Harford, 2016), pp. 1-41 https://www.econ.jku.at/members/WinterEbmer/files/Teaching/managerial/lecture4.pdf [accessed 2 September 2016] Kishtainy, Niall,The Economics Book(New York: DK Pub., 2012) Krugman, Paul R and Robin Wells,MICROECONOMICS Monopolistic Competition And Product Differentiation, 1st edn, 2016 https://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Exploring%20Economics%20(5th%20Edition)/Chapter%2014%20Monopolistic%20Competition%20and%20Product%20Differentiation.pdf [accessed 2 September 2016] Neumuller, Seth, "Inter-Industry Wage Differentials Revisited: Premiums For Low Wage Volatility?",SSRN Electronic Journalhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2143814 Olsson, Ola,Essentials Of Advanced Macroeconomic Theory(London: Routledge, 2012) PRICING UNDER DIFFERENT MARKET STRUCTURES, 1st edn, 2016 https://www.nust.na/sites/default/files/documents/MEN311S-2016-Unit%206%20(Monopolistic%20Competition).pdf [accessed 2 September 2016] Saito, Keiji, "A Fallacy Of Wage Differentials: Wage Ratio In Distribution",SSRN Electronic Journalhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.782685 Sunday, Krista and Jordan Pfuntner,Wage Dispersion, 1st edn (Krista Sunday and Jordan Pfuntner, 2016), pp. 1-34 https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2008/02/art2full.pdf [accessed 2 September 2016] Tonin, Mirco, "Minimum Wage And Tax Evasion: Theory And Evidence",SSRN Electronic Journalhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.988188 Torpey, Elka, "Same Occupation, Different Pay: How Wages Vary : Career Outlook: U.S. Bureau Of Labor Statistics",Bls.gov, 2016 https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2015/article/wage-differences.htm [accessed 2 September 2016]